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Is Palo Santo Endangered?

Palo Santo, the aromatic wood used for centuries in traditional healing practices and spiritual ceremonies by indigenous and mestizo communities in Latin America, has gained immense commercial popularity. This rise has sparked concerns about its conservation status.

 

Its popularity in the personal care industry is due to its warm aroma when burned as incense and its indirect promises of clearing "negative energy" from a space. Memes abound depicting Palo Santo as if it’s on the brink of extinction with just a few sticks left. Some claim that only 250 trees remain. The reality isn't quite that dire, but it is complex.

Jump to section quickly:

  • What Exactly is Palo Santo?

  • Is Palo Santo Endangered?

  • Where Did the Confusion Come From?

  • What is Palo Santo Used For?

  • Can Palo Santo Be Purchased Sustainably?

  • Is Using Palo Santo Cultural Appropriation?

  • Conclusion

What Exactly is Palo Santo?

The tree species used in the wellness industry is called Bursera graveolens, and it grows across the American continent, specifically in mainland Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands, and Peru. To ensure the highest quality, the wood must be harvested using a particular method. “Its maturity ranges from 50 to 70 years, which isn’t much relatively speaking. Once the tree dies naturally, it must be left in place for at least five to eight years for the heartwood oils to mature enough to make quality incense,” explains Jonathon Miller Weisberger, ethnobotanist and author of Rainforest Medicine: Preserving Indigenous Science and Biodiversity in the Upper Amazon. The aged wood that falls is then processed to create incense sticks.

Is Palo Santo Endangered?

Palo Santo is not endangered. This month, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published its first review of the conservation status of Bursera graveolens and declared it “of least concern.”

Where Did the Confusion Come From?

Several factors contribute to the confusion. First, a case of mistaken identity. A completely different species, Bulnesia sarmientoi, also commonly known as “Palo Santo,” grows in the Gran Chaco region of South America. It’s a dark wood, similar to mahogany, used for its essential oils and in making products like furniture. That tree is endangered, and people might confuse it with Bursera graveolens when researching online.

 

There’s also the issue of regional versus international conservation status. The IUCN’s assessment considers global populations, but national governments determine the regional conservation status. A plant might be listed as endangered in one country but not in another. Online rumors may stem from 2005, when Peru classified its regional Palo Santo as endangered.

What is Palo Santo Used For?

Palo Santo has a sweet yet complex aroma. Its essential oil is used for its fragrance in products like shampoo, perfume, and soap. Palo Santo sticks are burned as a sacred tool in spiritual ceremonies, often for smoke purification rituals to ward off negative energy. These practices originated in indigenous cultures but are also used in Catholic religious ceremonies in Latin America.

Can Palo Santo Be Purchased Sustainably?

Don’t stop buying Palo Santo. Experts like those at the IUCN suggest that increased demand combined with responsible cultivation and harvesting could benefit the species and its habitat. Land that could be cleared for cattle ranching would have greater economic value if farmers planted Palo Santo and sold it at a good price. Look for a supplier who is completely transparent and sources their own Palo Santo. Adriana Ayales, a rainforest herbalist from Costa Rica who runs Anima Mundi Apothecary, advises, “Look for companies where they themselves have gone to the area where the trees come from, know the farmers, know their names, and visit the area regularly. Many people are essentially middlemen for Latin American distributors who don’t do that kind of preliminary work.”

Is Using Palo Santo Cultural Appropriation?

If you’re using it in a quasi-spiritual way without sufficient knowledge or training, then yes, probably. Indigenous and Latin American peoples have developed their cultural heritage around many different types of herbal healing and spiritual ceremonies. While Palo Santo use has become very popular, it’s rarely done with the participation or consultation of these groups. “So, when you see a non-native person on Instagram smudging with sage or Palo Santo and taking an artistic photo of it, they likely bought that item from a corporate source. They use our culture but remove our faces from the image. This conveys the narrative that we don’t exist and that we’re not experts in our own fields and heritage. And that’s harmful to us because it perpetuates the extremely prevalent notion that we don’t exist,” says Chelsey Luger, founder of Well for Culture, an indigenous wellness initiative. You make the decision, but at least consider buying Palo Santo from a small, local business where the owners are indigenous and research the legacy of these spiritual practices.

Conclusion

While Palo Santo (Bursera graveolens) is not endangered, its increasing commercial popularity demands mindful consideration of how we use and source this sacred wood. Understanding the complexities of its conservation status, habitat threats, and cultural significance is crucial. Sustainable purchasing practices and respect for indigenous traditions can help preserve not only the species but also the rich cultural heritage it represents. By supporting transparent, responsible suppliers and educating ourselves about the origins and traditional uses of Palo Santo, we can contribute to its preservation and honor the communities that have cherished it for centuries.

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Ecuadorian Palo Santo Sticks - 5 KG (11 LB) Bulk Pack

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